Register (ACFR) issues a regulation granting it official legal status. The report also relied heavily on information from species experts. Until the ACFR grants it official status, the XML the official SGML-based PDF version on govinfo.gov, those relying on it for 2012; Coors and DeMeester 2008; Sih et al. 530-752-0492 If a species is listed subsequently, section 7(a)(2) of the Act requires Federal agencies to ensure that activities they authorize, fund, or carry out are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the species or destroy or adversely modify its critical habitat. Persons who use a telecommunications device for the deaf (TDD) may call the Federal Relay Service at 800-877-8339. We invite public comment on the probability of extinction for this species and will revisit this conclusion as appropriate with respect to available information for the final determination. Bumble bees infected with Nosema bombi may have crippled wings, and queens may have distended abdomens and be unable to mate (Otti and Schmid-Hempel 2007, pp. In identifying those physical or biological features within an area, we focus on the specific features that support the life-history needs of the species, including but not limited to, water characteristics, soil type, geological features, prey, vegetation, symbiotic species, or other features. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed that the bee be listed as an endangered species. A virulent strain of N. bombi from the buff-tailed bumble bee (B. terrestris) may have spread to the eastern bumble bee (B. impatiens) and western bumble bee prior to their shipment back into the United States, and once in this country, the commercially reared colonies may have spread the virulent strain to wild populations of Franklin's bumble bee (Xerces Society and Thorp 2010, p. 14). To better help us revise the rule, your comments should be as specific as possible. Nonetheless, Franklin's bumble bee habitat is not in short supply, and habitat loss is not a threat to the species. Nosema bombi has been detected in native bumble bees in North America, and has been found to be a part of the natural pathogen load. Data allow us to estimate 43 potential populations of the species since records have been kept. In work partially funded by the Service, the University of Illinois conducted surveys for parasites and pathogens in bumble bee populations of the Pacific Northwest and Midwest between 2005 and 2009. It is our policy, as published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34272), to identify to the maximum extent practicable at the time a species is listed, those activities that would or would not constitute a violation of section 9 of the Act. We will post all comments on http://www.regulations.gov. on 12/17/2020, 42 2015, p. 5), and the combination of multiple stressors is likely more harmful than a stressor acting alone (Gill et al. As discussed above in the threats analysis, there is currently no imminent threat of take attributed to collection or vandalism identified under Factor B for this species, and identification and mapping of critical habitat is not expected to initiate any such threat. “Today’s Endangered Species listing is the best — and probably last — hope for the recovery of the rusty-patched bumblebee,” said Rebecca. ), and it is unlikely that loss of habitat from fire suppression was a factor in the decline of the species. Certain exceptions apply to employees of the Service, the National Marine Fisheries Service, other Federal land management agencies, and State conservation agencies. Fish and Wildlife Service 2016; U.S. Although nonnative Start Printed Page 40014 Briefly, resiliency supports the ability of the species to withstand environmental and demographic stochasticity (for example, wet or dry, warm or cold years); representation supports the ability of the species to adapt over time to long-term changes in the environment (for example, climate changes); and redundancy supports the ability of the species to withstand catastrophic events (for example, droughts, hurricanes). To Cite This Page: Glenn, C. R. 2006. The lack of systematic surveys across the historical range of the species over time prevents us from using occurrence records to extrapolate reasonable estimates of species abundance or distribution or concluding that the species is extinct; even though none have been seen since 2006, Franklin's bumble bee populations could potentially persist undetected. Only official editions of the Federal agency actions within the species' habitat that may require conference or consultation or both as described in the preceding paragraph include: Management and any other landscape-altering activities on Federal lands administered by the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management; issuance of section 404 Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. Fish and Wildlife Service 2018, p. 33). The Public Inspection page may also provide legal notice to the public or judicial notice to the courts. Franklin's bumblebee is known to collect nectar and pollen from several wildflowers, such as lupine, California poppy, and horsemint, which causes it to be cl… For example, you should tell us the numbers of the sections or paragraphs that are unclearly written, which sections or sentences are too long, the sections where you feel lists or tables would be useful, etc. Some general habitat associations of Bombus are known; however, as one of the rarest Bombus species, the Franklin's bumble bee is somewhat enigmatic and a specific habitat study for the Franklin's bumble bee has not been completed. The goal of this process is to restore listed species to a point where they are secure, self-sustaining, and functioning components of their ecosystems. "Earth's Endangered Creatures - Franklin's Bumble Bee Facts" (Online) - Licensed article from Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. The California Fish and Game Commission will consider whether to begin the process of listing four native bumble bee species as part of the state's Endangered Species Act during a … The species may also occasionally nest on the ground (Thorp et al. documents in the last year, 953 Neonicotinoids are a broad class of insecticides based on nicotine compounds used in a variety of agricultural applications; they act as a neurotoxin, affecting the central nervous system of insects by interfering with the receptors of the insects' nervous system, causing overstimulation, paralysis, and death. “The decline in bumble bees like Franklin’s bumble bee should serve as an alarm that we are losing important pollinators,” said Xerces Society Executive Director Scott Hoffman Black in a press release.  “We hope that the story of the Franklin’s bumble bee will compel us to prevent pollinators across the U.S. from sliding toward extinction.”. You may request at the top of your document that we withhold personal information such as your street address, phone number, or email address from public review; however, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to do so. No observations of the Franklin's bumble bee have occurred since 2006, despite an increase in the survey effort. It is likely that the effects discussed in these studies are local in space and time, and most pronounced where floral resources are limited and large numbers of commercial European honey bee colonies are introduced (Xerces Society and Thorp 2010, p. 21). However, States and Tribes have the flexibility to determine the scope of pollinator protection plans that best responds to pollinator issues in their regions. Generally good habitat conditions currently exist throughout the known historical B. franklini locations and all of the recent focused survey areas, with the notable exceptions being the creation of Lake Applegate upon the completion of Applegate Dam in the fall of 1980 and a report of soil modification on a portion of the Gold Hill site. Section 7(a)(4) of the Act requires Federal agencies to confer with the Service on any action that is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of a species proposed for listing or result in destruction or adverse modification of proposed critical habitat. In accordance with section 4(a)(1) of the Act, in reviewing the status of the species to determine if it meets the definition of endangered or of threatened, we determine whether a species is an endangered species or a threatened species because of any of the following five factors: (A) The present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range; (B) overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes; (C) disease or predation; (D) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; and (E) other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence. Fish and Wildlife Service 2018, p. 32). The haplodiploid genetic system of the Franklin's bumble bee, combined with its historically small population size, was also likely a factor in the decline of the species. Inbreeding depression in bumble bees can lead to the production of sterile diploid males (Goulson et al. Regulations governing permits are codified at 50 CFR 17.22. Document page views are updated periodically throughout the day and are cumulative counts for this document. (b) any information that may indicate extinction of the species. Recovery planning includes the development of a recovery outline shortly after a species is listed and preparation of a draft and final recovery plan. While the total number of acres of agricultural cropland is not synonymous with agricultural intensification (specifically, the expansion of monocultures), a decrease in total acres of agriculture leads us to conclude that agricultural intensification was not likely a factor in the decline of the Franklin's bumble bee. Furthermore, documented effects to other closely related species lead many species experts to suspect the effects of pathogens had some connection to the decline of the Franklin's bumble bee. Endangered Species Act. 2008, p. 480). documents in the last year. Declines in bumble bees in parts of Europe have been at least partially attributed to the use of pesticides (Williams 1986, p. 54; Kosior et al. 4321 et seq. The American Bumblebee - a species once more commonly seen buzzing around Southern Ontario - is critically endangered, according to a new study. Section 4 of the Act requires that we designate critical habitat on the basis of the best scientific data available. Federal Register. Although the Olgilvie et al. In our assessment, we found no information to suggest the destruction, degradation, and conversion of habitat was a significant factor in the decline of the Franklin's bumble bee (U.S. 2000, pp. ), need not be prepared in connection with listing a species as an endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act. 2017, p. 328), and caution against declaring a species as extinct in the face of uncertainty (Akçakaya et al. The Oregon Department of Agriculture restricts some potential sources of N. bombi from entering the State for agricultural uses, including commercially produced colonies of eastern bumble bee; only Bombus species native to Oregon are allowed for commercial pollination purposes (Oregon Department of Agriculture 2017, p. 5). Many of the occurrence records just provide point data for an occurrence, with no details on the size of the area searched or whether or not the record reflected a comprehensive search of an area. Since it was first identified in 1921, the Franklin's bumble bee appears to have always been a rare species limited in abundance. (2011, p. 7) found a new allele in N. bombi, the recent study by Cameron et al. Bumble bees can absorb toxins directly through their exoskeleton and through contaminated nectar and pollen. FWS-R1-ES-2018-0044. Although we do not have direct evidence of pathogens playing a role in the decline of the Franklin's bumble bee, the disappearance of the Franklin's bumble bee occurred soon after a period of introduction of new pathogens. The lack of specific information on the impacts of livestock grazing on the Franklin's bumble bee limits our ability to connect the activity to any specific species' response. However, other than those search efforts, we are aware of no conservation efforts or beneficial actions specifically taken to address the threats to the Franklin's bumble bee. Revisions of the plan may be done to address continuing or new threats to the species, as new substantive information becomes available. “This bumble bee is partly at risk because of its very small range of distribution,” Thorp related before his death. Exposure to pesticides can occur to bumble bees from direct spray or drift, or from gathering or consuming contaminated nectar or pollen (Johansen and Mayer 1990; Morandin et al. 2017, p. 321; Thompson et al. The Public Inspection page Haplodiploid organisms may be more prone to population extinction than diploid-diploid organisms, due to their susceptibility to low population levels and loss of genetic diversity (U.S. headings within the legal text of Federal Register documents. The late Robbin Thorp, distinguished emeritus professor of entomology at UC Davis and a global authority on bees, worked tirelessly to try to include Franklin’s bumble bee as an endangered species under the U.S. The species has a broad elevational range from 162 m (540 ft) to 2,340 m (7,800 ft); elevation does not appear to limit the species' dispersal capabilities. the material on FederalRegister.gov is accurately displayed, consistent with The Act directs us to determine whether any species is an endangered species or a threatened species because of any factors affecting its continued existence. Although the Federal agencies do include the species in survey efforts and conduct general meadow enhancement activities, there are no actions resulting from the ISSSSP classification that address known threats to the Franklin's bumble bee (Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program 2018). on FederalRegister.gov There was initial success at finding a higher abundance of the species than ever previously reported in one year, 98 bees in 1998 (mostly from 2 sites). Furthermore, invertebrate surveys in Franklin's bumble bee habitat continue to show evidence of healthy populations of other native Bombus species unaffected by competition from nonnative bees (Pool 2014, entire; Colyer 2016, entire). Ashland, Oregon, was one of only three sites in the Pacific Northwest study area where N. bombi infections were found in multiple Bombus species (the indiscriminate cuckoo bumble bee (B. insularis) and black-notched bumble bee (B. bifarius)) (Solter et al. 2005; McFrederick and LeBuhn 2006), but they tend not to support the species richness of bumble bees that can be found in nearby undeveloped Start Printed Page 40011landscapes (Xerces Society and Thorp 2010, p. 13), or that which was present historically (McFrederick and LeBuhn 2006). The effect of pathogens on bumble bees varies from mild to severe (Macfarlane et al. Use the PDF linked in the document sidebar for the official electronic format. Agricultural intensification can negatively impact wild bees by reducing floral resource diversity and abundance (U.S. Requests must be received by the date specified in DATES and sent to the address shown in FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT. Therefore, we request comments or information from other concerned governmental agencies, Native American tribes, the scientific community, industry, or any other interested parties concerning this proposed rule. 1994, p. 7). ), and could thereby reduce effects of pesticides on pollinators including Franklin's bumble bee. Additionally, exposure to pesticides may increase with increased food consumption in infected bees (Goulson et al. Critical habitat is defined in section 3 of the Act as: (1) The specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, at the time it is listed in accordance with the Act, on which are found those physical or biological features, (a) Essential to the conservation of the species, and, (b) Which may require special management considerations or protection; and. The use of neonicotinoid pesticides continued in the range of the species through 2006, when the last observation of the Franklin's bumble bee was recorded. We’ve made big changes to make the eCFR easier to use. The OFR/GPO partnership is committed to presenting accurate and reliable This will be further informed by any generalized conservation strategy, criteria, or outline that may have been developed for the species to provide a substantive foundation for identifying which features and specific areas are essential to the conservation of the species and, as a result, the development of the critical habitat designation. 2004, p. 93). documents in the last year, 72 Crithidia bombi infections of western bumble bee were 2.8 percent overall. Because we have determined that the Franklin's bumble bee is in danger of extinction throughout its range, we find it unnecessary to proceed to an evaluation of potentially significant portions of the range. documents in the last year, 315 More information and documentation can be found in our Within the historical range of the Franklin's bumble bee, total acres in agricultural cropland decreased in all three counties in Oregon (Douglas, Jackson, and Josephine) by greater than 50 percent from 1997 to 2012 (U.S. Department of Agriculture—National Agriculture Statistics Service 2017, pers. 2012, p. 236; Colla and Packer 2008, p. 1388; Cameron et al. These factors make the species more vulnerable to habitat change or loss, parasites, diseases, stochastic events, and other natural disasters such as droughts (Xerces Society and Thorp 2010, p. 20). Coupled with the increased risk of extirpation due to the interaction of reduced population size and the species' haplodiploid genetic system, the Franklin's bumble bee may lack the resiliency required to sustain populations into the future, even without further exposure to pathogens and pesticides. 2006, p. 2; Moret and Schmid-Hempel 2000, pp. SUMMARY: We, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service 2018, pp. Conifer species now cover some of the area that was previously open meadow habitat in the range of the Franklin's bumble bee (Panzer 2002; Shultz and Crone 1998, p. 244). In addition, because the best available scientific information indicates that the Franklin's bumble bee is a generalist forager, its habitat preferences and needs are relatively plentiful and widely distributed. comm.). Other factors that affect bumblebee populations are the widespread use of pesticides and changing land use that reduces flora available to them. To assess representation (as an indicator of adaptive capacity) of the Franklin's bumble bee, we evaluated the spatial extent of occurrences over time. Information about this document as published in the Federal Register. Franklin's bumble bee have been observed collecting pollen from lupine (Lupinus spp.) The protection required by Federal agencies and the prohibitions against certain activities are discussed, in part, below. The habitat elements that Franklin's bumble bee appears to prefer to fulfill those needs mentioned above are relatively flexible, plentiful, and widely distributed. Overgrazing by sheep between 1890 and 1920 resulted in trampling vegetation and denuding soils, and grazing is currently evident today in the continuing erosion of the granitic soils of the McDonald Basin, Siskiyou Gap, Mt. Under the second prong of the Act's definition of critical habitat, we can designate critical habitat in areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. comm. documents in the last year, 1477 The Applegate Dam project inundated two historical B. franklini locations (Copper and 2 miles north of Copper), with historical observations from 1963 and 1968 (Xerces Society and Thorp 2010, p. 13; Thorp, pers. Bumble bee abundance for three species of Bombus in the Rocky Mountains increased when floral resources were available for more days, and the number of days where floral resources were available increased with greater summer precipitation and later snowmelt dates (Ogilvie et al. 12/17/2020, 874 These markup elements allow the user to see how the document follows the The Franklin's bumble bee is on the species index for the U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Interagency Special Status/Sensitive Species Program (ISSSSP). He refused to believe that it may be extinct. 1983, p. 2; Macfarlane et al. 2000, pp. For example, the rusty patched bumblebee, which used to flourish in Ontario, is no longer found in all of Canada— in the U.S., it’s endangered. Our full assessment of the stressors can be found in the SSA Report (U.S. While every effort has been made to ensure that These climatic changes can also affect populations indirectly, by altering resource availability and species interactions (U.S. You may submit comments by one of the following methods: (1) Electronically: Go to the Federal eRulemaking Portal: http://www.regulations.gov. There is no indication that the Franklin's bumble bee was at risk of overutilization for commercial, recreational, scientific, or educational purposes (Factor B). Subsection 4(f) of the Act calls for the Service to develop and implement recovery plans for the conservation of endangered and threatened species. For example, State and Tribal MP3s may address pesticide-related risks to all pollinators, including managed bees and wild insect and non-insect pollinators (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 2018). (3) Unauthorized release of nonnative species or native species that carry pathogens, diseases, or fungi that are known or suspected to adversely affect the Franklin's bumble bee where the species is known to occur. With regard to endangered wildlife, a permit may be issued for the following purposes: For scientific purposes, to enhance the propagation or survival of the species, and for incidental take in connection with otherwise lawful activities. At the end of the colony cycle, all the workers and the males die along with the founding queen; only the inseminated hibernating females (gynes) are left to carry on the genetic lineage into the following year (Duchateau and Velthius 1988). Nutritional stress may compromise the ability of bumble bees to survive parasitic infections (Brown et al. All comments submitted electronically via http://www.regulations.gov will be presented on the website in their entirety as submitted. 2007, p. 81). documents in the last year, 1452 2015, p. 7). documents in the last year, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 08/12/2019 at 8:45 am. In fact, the species has perhaps the most limited range of any Bombus species in the world. As discussed below (see Background below, for more information), based on the lack of observations of Franklin's over the last 13 years it is possible that the species is extinct. GET BREAKING NEWS IN YOUR BROWSER. 2010, p. 81), many researchers believe it is unlikely to be a main driver of the recent, widespread North American bee declines (Szabo et al. 2019-17337 Filed 8-12-19; 8:45 am], updated on 8:45 AM on Friday, December 18, 2020. New Documents edition of the Federal Register. A Conservation Action Plan was created for the bat in 2001, which recommends actions for the conservation of the species. The U.S. Franklin's bumble bee is thought to have the most limited distribution of all known North American bumble bee species (Plowright and Stephen 1980, p. 479; Xerces Society and Thorp 2010, p. 6), and one of the most limited geographic distributions of any bumble bee in the world (Frison 1922, p. 315; Williams 1998, p. 129). 2017, p. 4). We evaluated the change in resiliency, representation, and redundancy from the past until the present; however, due to the lack of observations of the species since 2006, we did not project anticipated future states of these conditions. To achieve recovery of these species requires cooperative conservation efforts on private, State, and Tribal lands. Although the ultimate source of the decline is unknown, the acute and rangewide decline of the Franklin's bumble bee is undisputable. The resource needs of the European honey bee and native Bombus species may overlap, resulting in the potential for increased competition for resources (Thomson 2004, p. 458; Thomson 2006, p. 407). In both of these cases, we don't know if the species was still using the habitat in the area by the time the activities took place. Ashland, and the Siskiyou Crest (LaLande 1995, p. 31; T. Atzet 2017, pers. The last observation of Franklin's bumble bee at Gold Hill was in the year 2000, and the site was revisited 14 times over the next three years with no observations of Franklin's bumble bee. If you are using public inspection listings for legal research, you 2010, pp. Examples of recovery actions include habitat restoration (e.g., restoration of native vegetation), research, captive propagation and reintroduction, and outreach and education. Section 4(b)(5) of the Act provides for one or more public hearings on this proposal, if requested. 1983, p. 30); a few individuals have been encountered in October (Southern Oregon University Bee Collection records, in Xerces Society and Thorp 2010, Appendix 1, p. 39). Further, our Policy on Information Standards Under the Endangered Species Act (published in the Federal Register on July 1, 1994 (59 FR 34271)), the Information Quality Act (section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (Pub. The fungus has been reported in Canada since the 1940s (Cordes et al. Fish and Wildlife Service, MS: BPHC, 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA 22041-3803. Recognition through listing results in public awareness, and conservation by Federal, State, Tribal, and local Start Printed Page 40016agencies; private organizations; and individuals. We have no documentation in our files or any direct evidence that these incidents or urbanization or development in the range of Franklin's bumble bee contributed to the decline of the species. This PDF is Although the Franklin's bumble bee is only proposed for listing under the Act at this time, please let us know if you are interested in participating in recovery efforts for this species. Therefore, we cannot, with specificity, articulate the physical or biological features essential to the conservation of the Franklin's bumble bee, or determine whether or not any area would meet the definition of critical habitat for the Franklin's bumble bee. Such a study was initiated in 2006, when the Franklin's bumble bee was last seen, but could not continue due to the subsequent absence of the species. However, we have no information to indicate that controlled burns were a factor in the decline of the Franklin's bumble bee. The Act and its implementing regulations set forth a series of general prohibitions and exceptions that apply to endangered wildlife. Fish and Wildlife Service 2018, p. 28). (5) Additional information concerning the historical and current status, range, distribution, and population size of this species, including the locations of any additional populations of this species. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017, p. 339). (2) Specific areas outside the geographical area occupied by the species at the time it is listed, upon a determination that such areas are essential for the conservation of the species. Although habitat loss has had negative effects on bumble bees, we conclude it is unlikely to be a main driver of the decline of the Franklin's bumble bee. Franklin's bumble bee is a primitively eusocial (highly social) bumble bee, living in colonies made up of a queen and her offspring (males and workers). This is why the rusty patch bumblebee being listed as endangered is considered one of the most significant species listings of all time. These tools are designed to help you understand the official document (1983, p. 8) also recorded it from northern California and suggested its restriction to the Klamath Start Printed Page 40008Mountain region of southern Oregon and northern California. Climate change endangers many species in a variety of ways. It has a solid black abdomen with just a touch of white at the tip, and an inverted U-shaped design between its wing bases. 35-37), and we have no information to suggest that habitat destruction or modification will increase in intensity to the point where it will be a primary stressor to the species in its range in the near future. comm.). It is known only from a 190-by-70-mile (310 by 110 km) area in southern Oregon and northern California, between the Coast and Sierra-Cascade mountain ranges. comm. A feature may be a single habitat characteristic, or a more complex combination of habitat characteristics. 2015, p. 69; Goulson 2013, pp. These can be useful 2011, p. 221; Malfi and Roulston 2014, p. 18). We completed a comprehensive assessment of the biological status of the Franklin's bumble bee and prepared a report of the assessment (i.e., the SSA Report), which provides a thorough account of the species' overall viability. Fish and Wildlife Service 2018, p. 35). Although this species has not been found since 2006, we conclude it is premature at this time to determine that the species is extinct absent a more thorough survey effort. “Today’s Endangered Species listing is the best — and probably last — hope for the recovery of the rusty-patched bumblebee,” said Rebecca Riley, an attorney with the Natural Resources Defense Council. If you feel that we have not met these requirements, send us comments by one of the methods listed in ADDRESSES. 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